Jojoba
Oil
D.J. Undersander1, E.A. Oelke2, A.R.
Kaminski1, J.D. Doll1, D.H. Putnam2, S.M. Combs1, and C.V.
Hanson2
1Department of Agronomy, College of
Agricultural and Life Sciences and Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706.
2Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, and Center for
Plant and Animal Products, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
MN 55108. October, 1990.
I. History:
Jojoba (Simmodsia chinensis (Link)
Schneider) is a perennial woody shrub native to the semiarid
regions of southern Arizona, southern California and northwestern
Mexico. Jojoba (pronounced ho-HO-ba) is being cultivated to
provide a renewable source of a unique high-quality oil.
Native Americans extracted the oil
from jojoba seeds to treat sores and wounds centuries ago.
Collection and processing of seed from naturally occurring
stands in the early 1970s marked the beginning of jojoba domestication.
In addition, the ban on the importation of sperm whale products
in 1971 led to the discovery that jojoba oil is in many regards
superior to sperm oil for applications in the cosmetics and
other industries.
Today, 40,000 acres of jojoba are under
cultivation in the southwestern U.S. Much of the interest
in jojoba worldwide is the result of the plant's ability to
survive in a harsh desert environment. The utilization of
marginal land that will not support more conventional agricultural
crops could become a major asset to the global agricultural
economy.
The oldest commercial jojoba plantings
in the U.S. were established in the late 1970s, and present
production of jojoba oil is in the range of thousands of tons
per year. The major world producers are the United States
and Mexico, with considerable quantities of oil being exported
to Japan and Europe.
II. Uses:
Jojoba seed contains a light-gold colored
liquid wax ester which is the primary storage lipid of the
plant. This is unlike conventional oilseed crops, such as
soybean, corn, olive, or peanut which produce oils as the
primary storage lipid. Jojoba wax (called oil) makes up 50%
of the seed's dry weight. The physical properties of jojoba
oil are: high viscosity, high flash and fire point, high dielectric
constant, high stability and low volatility. Its composition
is little affected by temperatures up to 570°F (300°C).
Jojoba oil contains straight- chained C20 and C22 fatty acids
and alcohols and two unsaturated bonds, which make the oil
susceptible to many different types of chemical manipulations.
The extracted oil is relatively pure, non-toxic, biodegradable,
and resistant to rancidity.
Most jojoba oil produced in the U.S.
today is sold at a high price for use in cosmetics and hair
care products. As many as 300 products containing jojoba have
appeared in the U.S. in recent years. As the supply of oil
increases and price decreases, more uses will become economically
feasible. For example, the viscosity index of jojoba oil is
much higher than that of petrolium oil; therefore, it may
be used as a high temperature, high pressure lubricant. The
stability of jojoba oil makes it attractive to the electronic
and computer industries. And since jojoba oil contains no
cholesterol or triglycerides and is not broken down by normal
metabolic pathways, it may become an important low-calorie
oil for human consumption. The oil can be used as an antifoam
agent in antibiotics production and as a treatment for skin
disorders. Other proposed uses include candles, plasticizers,
detergents, fire retardents, transformer oil, and for the
leather industry.
The meal contains up to 30% protein,
but toxic compounds (simmondsins) make it currently hazardous
as an animal feed.
Jojoba is grown for the liquid wax
(commonly called jojoba oil) in its seeds. This oil is rare
in that it is an extremely long (C36-C46) straight-chain wax
ester and not a triglyceride, making jojoba and its derivative
jojoba esters, more similar to sebum and whale oil than to
traditional vegetable oils. Jojoba oil is easily refined to
be odorless, colorless and oxidatively stable, and is often
used in cosmetics as a moisturizer and as a carrier oil for
specialty fragrances. It also has potential use as both a
biodiesel fuel for cars and trucks, as well as a biodegradable
lubricant. Plantations of Jojoba have been established in
a number of desert and semi-desert areas, predominantly in
Argentina, Israel, Mexico, Peru, and the USA.
Jojoba is a soothing emollient and
is used in many cosmetics and shampoos for its gently cleansing
properties. The seeds are tiny and make a safe, painless exfoliant
(removes dirt, oil, outer dead skin and debris) from the skin.
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